template <class T>
class optional<T&> // specilization for lvalue references
{
public :
    typedef T& value_type;
    typedef T& reference_type;
    typedef T& reference_const_type; // no const propagation
    typedef T& rval_reference_type;
    typedef T* pointer_type;
    typedef T* pointer_const_type;   // no const propagation
    optional () noexcept ; 
    optional ( none_t ) noexcept ; 
    template<class R> optional(R&& r) noexcept ;  
    template <class R> optional(bool cond, R&& r) noexcept ; 
    optional ( optional const& rhs ) noexcept ; 
    template<class U> explicit optional ( optional<U&> const& rhs ) noexcept ; 
    optional& operator = ( none_t ) noexcept ; 
    optional& operator = ( optional const& rhs ) noexcept; 
    template<class U> optional& operator = ( optional<U&> const& rhs ) noexcept ; 
    template<class R> optional& operator = (R&& r) noexcept ; 
    template<class R> void emplace ( R&& r ) noexcept ; 
    T& get() const ; 
    T& operator *() const ; 
    T* operator ->() const ; 
    T& value() const& ; 
    template<class R> T& value_or( R && r ) const noexcept ; 
    template<class F> T& value_or_eval( F f ) const ; 
    T* get_ptr() const noexcept ; 
    explicit operator bool() const noexcept ; 
    bool operator!() const noexcept ; 
    // deprecated methods
    // (deprecated)
    void reset() noexcept ; 
    // (deprecated)
    template<class R> void reset ( R && r ) noexcept ; 
    // (deprecated)
    bool is_initialized() const noexcept ; 
    // (deprecated)
    template<class R> T& get_value_or( R && r ) constnoexcept; 
private:
    T* ref; // exposition only
};